Monday, June 24, 2013

Coal related report


According to TERI(the energy research institute)
·       Coal accounts for > 50% in India’s energy mix
·       Delay in clearances and tightening of environmental norms create problem for coal sector
·       Import of coal scenario: 83 million tonnes(current fiscal), 142 million tonnes(next fiscal)
·       Amidst tight global supplies and price rise, the ability to import large quantities could be restricted
·       India has followed the ISP(Indian Standard Procedure Code) to assess coal inventory
·       ISP code is based on the geological evaluation of resources without assessing the quality, mineability or extractability of deposits
·       Total coal inventory: 276.81 billion tonnes
·       Proven coal inventory: 0.4 * 276.81= 110 billion tonnes
·       Extractable : 55 billion tonnes
·       At the current rate of production 550 million tonnes per annum, coal reserve will last for around 100 years
·       Considering increasing rate of production, coal might last within next 50 years.


CIL status:
·       Total inventory : 65 billion tonnes
·       Feasibility studies for : 30.4 billion tonnes
·       Extractable reserve : 21.8 billion tonnes

Ø  Tighter environmental regulations forced the world’s largest coal producer to revise downward its output target twice during the fiscal
Ø  TERI suggests UNFC(the United Nations Framework Classification)
UNFC’s method includes several parameters which are (among others):
·       Geological parameters
·       Economic and commercial viability
·       Field project status
·       Feasibility in arriving at the inventory
Ø  Government decided to apply UNFC in 2001, not yet applied
Ø  One of the reasons for not applying UNFC is time consuming process of UNFC’s methods
Chemical properties of coal are :
·       Ash
·       Moisture
·       Volatile matters
Physical parameters are:
·       Caking index
·       Coke type
·       Swelling index
Reserves :
·       Coking coal: 33.7 billion tonnes
·       Non coking coal: 258 billion tonnes
·       Tertiary coal : 1.5 billion tonnes

Ø  In NCV(net calorific value),  the heat contained in water is not recovered
Ø  In GCV(gross calorific value), the heat contained in water is recovered
Ø  Under the new norm, to be made effective from April, BCCL would be charging 20% less than the landed cost of imported coal of equivalent gross calorific value, against 30% earlier.
Ø  SAIL imports close to 80% of its total coking coal requirement of about 14 million tonnes  
Ø  The price increase by Coal India will apply to only around 3 million tonnes

Basics of open cast blasting


  1.  Rock usually takes "60 ms(milli-second )" to move around "1 m".
  2. A blasting is said to healthy when it is free from fly rocks, with minimum vibration and boulders up to 1 %.
  3. Drilling and blasting cost should be within 22 % of the contract price.
  4. Minimum stemming of 3.5 meter should always be maintained.
  5. Efforts should be made to complete the blasting within 800 ms.
  6. Range of burden/spacing should be between 0.5 and 1.0.
  7. For optimum breakage, bench height/burden should be around 2.5.
  8. For satisfactory throw, bench height/burden should be greater than 2.5.
  9. Bench height should be between 10 and 12 m. 
  10. If the stemming height is 1.2 to 1.5 times the burden then fly-rock can easily be controlled.
  • bold parts are thumb rules.

Rock type(based on RMR)
Burden(in meter)(B)
Spacing(in meter)
Stemming(in meter)
Very poor
51 X D*
1.45 X B
1 X B
Poor
44 X D
1.34 X B
0.95 X B
Medium
37 X D
1.25 X B
0.95 X B
High
29 X D
1.19 X B
1.1 X B
Very high
23 X D
1.14 X B
1.1 X B

  • D: diameter of hole in mm (100,160,…..)